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Taken together the essays in this work not only provide new research essential to the study of Islamic societies and Muslim peoples, but also set a new standard for the concrete study of local situations and illuminate the forces shaping the history of modern Muslim societies.

This collection is unique in its sophisticated interpretation of the social protest and political resistance movements in Muslim countries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The contributors take two principal approaches to the study of their subject. Utilizing "new cultural history," they explore how particular movements have deployed the cultural and religious resources of Islam to mobilize and legitimize insurgent political action. Others rely on "new social history" to study the economic, political, and social contexts in which movements of anti-colonial resistance and revolution have developed. This work brings together contributions from specialists on Islamic North Africa, Egypt, the Arab fertile crescent, Iran and India.

• Sales Rank: #1657882 in Books
• Published on: 1990-03-21
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.02" h x .79" w x 5.98" l, 1.01 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 332 pages

Review
"Most books inspired by the Iranian revolution and the political resurgence of Islam are concerned with immediate events, and many focus narrowly on the core states of the Middle East. The 13 case studies in this volume collectively cover a much broader historical and geographic range."--L.M. Lewis, "Choice

About the Author
Edmund Burke III is Professor of History at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Ira M. Lapidus is Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley.

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0 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Outdated work by great scholars
By Brendan J. Mcsherry
Lacking in interesting analysis and insights . It is quite obviously outdated; the authors here have all done other great work , especially Lapidus, but this collection is disappointing.

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^ Free PDF Displaying the Orient: Architecture of Islam at Nineteenth-Century World's Fairs (Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies), by Zeynep &Cce

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Gathering architectural pieces from all over the world, the Paris Universal Exposition of 1867 introduced to fairgoers the notion of an imaginary journey, a new tourism en place. Through this and similar expositions, the world's cultures were imported to European and American cities as artifacts and presented to nineteenth-century men and women as the world in microcosm, giving a quick and seemingly realistic impression of distant places.

Çelik examines the display of Islamic cultures at nineteenth-century world's fairs, focusing on the exposition architecture. She asserts that certain sociopolitical and cultural trends now crucial to our understanding of historical transformations in both the West and the world of Islam were mirrored in the fair's architecture. Furthermore, dominant attitudes toward cross-cultural exchanges were revealed repeatedly in Westerners' responses to these pavilions, in Western architects' interpretations of Islamic stylistic traditions, and in the pavilions' impact in such urban centers.

Although the world's fairs claimed to be platforms for peaceful cultural communication, they displayed the world according to a hierarchy based on power relations. Çelik's delineation of this hierarchy in the exposition buildings enables us to understand both the adversarial relations between the West and the Middle East, and the issue of cultural self-definition for Muslim societies of the nineteenth century.

• Sales Rank: #5893855 in Books
• Brand: Brand: University of California Press
• Published on: 1992-07-10
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 10.25" h x 7.25" w x 1.25" l,
• Binding: Hardcover
• 260 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"Dreamers of travels, those who are attached by the short chain of their jobs and who dream of excursions on the banks of the Nile or the Bosphorus . . . now have no reason to complain. If they cannot go to the Orient, the Orient has come to them." -- L'Illustration, 20 July 1867

About the Author
Zeynep Çelik is Associate Professor of Architecture at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and the author of The Remaking of Istanbul (Washington, 1986).

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Can films about black characters, produced by white filmmakers, be considered "black films"? In answering this question, Mark Reid reassesses black film history, carefully distinguishing between films controlled by blacks and films that utilize black talent, but are controlled by whites. Previous black film criticism has "buried" the true black film industry, Reid says, by concentrating on films that are about, but not by, blacks.

Reid's discussion of black independent films—defined as films that focus on the black community and that are written, directed, produced, and distributed by blacks—ranges from the earliest black involvement at the turn of the century up through the civil rights movement of the Sixties and the recent resurgence of feminism in black cultural production. His critical assessment of work by some black filmmakers such as Spike Lee notes how these films avoid dramatizations of sexism, homophobia, and classism within the black community.

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Reid's innovative critical approach, which transcends the "black-image" language of earlier studies—and at the same time redefines black film—makes an important contribution to film history. Certain to attract film scholars, this work will also appeal to anyone interested in African-American and Women's Studies.

• Sales Rank: #1260686 in Books
• Published on: 1993-02-23
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.02" h x .39" w x 5.98" l, .68 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 170 pages

Review
"Provocative and fearlessly ideological . . . destined to be cited, and disputed, by generations of film scholars to come."--"Library Journal

About the Author
Mark A. Reid is Assistant Professor of English at the University of Florida, Gainesville. He has written extensively on black cinema.

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0 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
only problem is shipping
By hiii
took forever to ship to me. i wish i would've just bought it in the store bc i missed out a week of reading for class. Order in advance in order to get it on time or else just buy in the store.

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Achille Mbembe is one of the most brilliant theorists of postcolonial studies writing today. In On the Postcolony he profoundly renews our understanding of power and subjectivity in Africa. In a series of provocative essays, Mbembe contests diehard Africanist and nativist perspectives as well as some of the key assumptions of postcolonial theory.

This thought-provoking and groundbreaking collection of essays—his first book to be published in English—develops and extends debates first ignited by his well-known 1992 article "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony," in which he developed his notion of the "banality of power" in contemporary Africa. Mbembe reinterprets the meanings of death, utopia, and the divine libido as part of the new theoretical perspectives he offers on the constitution of power. He works with the complex registers of bodily subjectivity — violence, wonder, and laughter — to profoundly contest categories of oppression and resistance, autonomy and subjection, and state and civil society that marked the social theory of the late twentieth century.

This provocative book will surely attract attention with its signal contribution to the rich interdisciplinary arena of scholarship on colonial and postcolonial discourse, history, anthropology, philosophy, political science, psychoanalysis, and literary criticism.

• Sales Rank: #124403 in Books
• Color: Multicolor
• Published on: 2001
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.00" h x .75" w x 6.00" l, .88 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 292 pages

Review
"A masterpiece of rhetorical and discursive styles . . . a landmark text not just in terms of the thematic of African colonial and postcolonial realities, but more significantly, about the forms through which this thematic is to be methodologically refracted."--Ato Quayson, "African Studies Review

Language Notes
Text: English (translation)
Original Language: French

About the Author
Achille Mbembe lives in Cape Town, South Africa. He is the author of three books published in French, including La naissance du maquis dans le Sud-Cameroun(1920-1960): Histoire des usages de la raison en colonie (1996).

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33 of 38 people found the following review helpful.
POSTCOLONIAL STUDY OF (SUB-SAHARAN) AFRICA
By william
i will begin by saying that Achille Mbembe is now my favorite author/theorist! it is really a shame that no one has reviewed this book yet! it is simply an amazing and absolutely necessary book to read for anyone who wants to consider themselves knowledgable of african politics, culture, economics or contemporary history.

there is so much of value in this book that i don't have the time to go into here so i will just say a few things. first, this book avoids (or really counters) the extremism, a-historicism, and reductionism of theoretical approaches that purport to know africa and/or africans and their politics and cultures. while accounting for the insights of various "post-" critiques, Mbembe does not allow their common ahistoricism to detract from the solid historical and material (not historical materialist or marxist) groundings present in all aspects of his research. similarly, Mbembe does not simply adopt western theoretical models (marxisms, postcolonial studies, ethnic studies, foulcauldian influences, deconstruction, etc.) and apply them willy-nilly to african nations (post-colonies). he grabs what is insightful from any relevant theory, lays the historical and contemporary groundings which allow any theoretical modeling to proceed, and then shows the distinctness of the african situations and how the theories that he does borrow from must be altered in order to have relevance to african postcolonies (he also shows how the simple application of these western theories and models actually produce greater problems when applied without first particularizing them to african situations). implicit in this endeavor is the creation of entirely new theories and models of power and their rationalities. Mbembe does all this with such hard hitting honesty that it was actually hard to hear at times. there is no deluded, simplistic utopian visions in Mbembe's positions - the workers revolution (as concieved in some western marxist theories) will not simply deliver us to the promise land. the forms of liberation that africans engage must be developed from their various positionalities and subjectivities and not imported from some western notion of what revolution entails. it is the africans who will teach us (westerners) what libratory practice will look like, not the other way around.

i would liken this book to a synthesis between the insights of Fanon's "Wretched of the Earth", Said's "Orientalism", Wallerstein's "The Modern Worldsystem, 3 vols.", Foucault's "Discipline and Punish", Polanyi's "The Great Transformation" and a few other very important texts while utterly surpassing each and everyone of them and applying every innovation and insight he (Mbembe) has to African postcolonies.

there is so much more to this book that i have not mentioned for lack of time. i will only say one thing more: this book is an absolutely necessary read and i desperately hope that you take the time to read this enormously dense and enlightening (yet only 240 page long) book.

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Five Stars
By Amazon Customer
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Made in Rome around A.D. 400, the Vatican Vergil is the most famous and the most attractive illustrated book surviving from classical antiquity. David H. Wright introduces this masterpiece of late antique art and shows why it is such an impressive example of the new form of book, the codex, that replaced the traditional papyrus roll and permitted more elaborate illustrations. Here are thirty-two of the most interesting illustrations from the Vatican Vergil, reprinted in full color from the 1980 facsimile published in Graz, Austria, in collaboration with the Vatican Library. Facing each reproduction is the appropriate text from Vergil, in Latin and in English, together with explanatory comments.

Wright discusses how the manuscript was made, describing the style of the capital script and of the illustrations as well as their sources in older classical traditions. He examines the Vatican Vergil as an example of the revival of classical culture in pagan circles in Rome at a time when Christian authority was systematically suppressing pagan religion. Finally, he surveys the "afterlife" of the codex, tracing how the work was studied and copied first in the Carolingian era and then in the Italian Renaissance. All the illustrations not reproduced in color are given at full size in black and white in a concluding list of the illustrations that have survived in this unique masterpiece.

• Sales Rank: #3973895 in Books
• Brand: University of California Press
• Published on: 1993-08-30
• Ingredients: Example Ingredients
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: .76" h x 9.35" w x 12.34" l,
• Binding: Hardcover
• 148 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

About the Author
David H. Wright is Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He has edited complete facsimiles of the Vespasian Psalter (1967) and the Vatican Vergil (1980).

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! Ebook Download Going for Gold: Men, Mines, and Migration (Perspectives on Southern Africa), by T. Dunbar Moodie

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This book tells the story of the lives of migrant black African men who work on the South African gold mines, told from their own point of view and, as much as possible, in their own words. Dunbar Moodie examines the operation of local power structures and resistances, changes in production techniques, the limits and successes of unionization, and the nature of ethnic conflicts at different periods and on different terrains of struggle. He treats his subject thematically and historically, examining how notions of integrity, manhood, sexuality, work, power, solidarity, and violence have all changed over time, especially with the shift to a proletarianized work force on the mines in the 1970s. Moodie integrates analyses of individual life-strategies with theories of social change, illuminating the ways in which these play off each other in historically significant ways. He shows how human beings (in this case, African men) build integrity and construct their own social order, even in situations of apparent total repression.

• Sales Rank: #2403296 in Books
• Published on: 1994-09-27
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.02" h x .83" w x 5.98" l, 1.12 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 372 pages

From the Inside Flap
"An indispensable look at the working conditions, social lives, and collective action of black miners. . . . [Moodie's] meticulous, reflective, incessantly questioning approach to power, drink, sexuality, conflict, and routine life in mines and compounds reveals an extraordinary world at the edge of hope and desperation."—Charles Tilly, The New School for Social Research

"Combines a rigorous use of theory with a marvellous and sensitive sympathy."—Terence O. Ranger, co-editor of The Invention of Tradition

From the Back Cover
"An indispensable look at the working conditions, social lives, and collective action of black miners. . . . [Moodie's] meticulous, reflective, incessantly questioning approach to power, drink, sexuality, conflict, and routine life in mines and compounds reveals an extraordinary world at the edge of hope and desperation."--Charles Tilly, The New School for Social Research

"Combines a rigorous use of theory with a marvellous and sensitive sympathy."--Terence O. Ranger, co-editor of "The Invention of Tradition

About the Author
T. Dunbar Moodie is Professor of Sociology at Hobart and William Smith Colleges and the author of The Rise of Afrikanerdom (California, 1975). Vivienne Ndatshe is a former teacher who now works as a domestic servant. She grew up in Pondoland, where her father was a migrant gold miner. Her interviews with mine workers and their families added an essential dimension to this work.

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2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Shaping Manhood Among South African Miners
By Chimonsho
"Going For Gold" has drawn attention for its frank, insightful and fully-informed treatment of male miners' sexuality, including homosexual relations (known as "mine marriages"). But there is much more to commend Moodie and Ndatshe's exploration of what it means to be a man, and to act like one, in South Africa. Their intimate knowledge of the region combines well with participant-observer data, which must have been challenging to collect given the subject and circumstances. The result is one of the richest current studies of migrant life in Africa, encompassing changes in the labor process, ethnic identity, class formation, drinking and sociability, violence, and resistance to harsh work and living conditions. For example, the sections on faction fights between Sotho and Xhosa miners reveal that these are not merely age-old primordial hatreds. They reflect complex antagonisms rooted in struggles for employment, occupational status, class consciousness, political affiliation and situational identity, which all have discernible recent origins. While the book is pathbreaking, others have taken up these issues in various ways. In order of expanding regional scale, see C. Van Onselen, "Studies in the Social & Economic History of the Witwatersrand;" P. Harries, "Work, Culture & Identity;" R. Morrell ed, "Changing Men in Southern Africa;" J. Crush & C. Ambler eds, "Liquor & Labor in Southern Africa;" and L. Vail ed, "The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa." There is now a brand-new comparable study of migrant womens' hostels by G. Elder, "Hostels, Sexuality, & the Apartheid Legacy."

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
a sociological exploration of the hard men who worked the ...
By malachy purcell
a sociological exploration of the hard men who worked the mines. The dynamics were always tinder dry and the ingredients always there for the flashpoints that frequently occurred with callous and tragic outcomes. Sadly we whites never learned the languages - it would have made a world of difference.
Not finished the book yet but I recognise the things that have been written.

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! Ebook Free Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power, by Jesse L. Byock

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The history of medieval Europe is incomplete if it does not take Iceland into account. Jesse Byock's reassessment of medieval Iceland uses all the available sources—the medieval Icelanders' historical writings, extensive saga literature, and intricate laws—to explore the way Iceland's social order functioned.

• Sales Rank: #1541192 in Books
• Published on: 1990-02-07
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.27" h x .63" w x 5.51" l, .72 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 276 pages

Review
"Byock has written an important and authoritative account of how one collectivity of human beings avoided the Hobbesian war of all against all in a society that allowed almost no role for government."--"Contemporary Sociology

From the Inside Flap
"Byock's book is a tour-de-force of historical argument. He brilliantly reconstructs the inner workings of an intriguing society, not elsewhere to be found in the Western world."—David Herlihy, History Book Club

From the Back Cover
"Byock's book is a "tour-de-force of historical argument. He brilliantly reconstructs the inner workings of an intriguing society, not elsewhere to be found in the Western world."--David Herlihy, History Book Club

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32 of 32 people found the following review helpful.
Read This First to Understand Icelandic Sagas & Society
By James Paris
The twilight world of the great Icelandic sagas can be difficult for an outsider to understand. We are so fixated on the values of the Western European mainland that it is easy for us to overlook Iceland's many contributions. The great 13th century sagas like Burnt Njal, Laxdaela, and Egil are high water marks of medieval literature -- far more sophisticated than the Arthurian fantasies circulating in Britain and France at the time.
To read and understand these sagas properly, one requires a key. And this is precisely the value of Byock's work: It places the sagas in a societal context and shows us that -- while Europe was stuck in a feudal rut -- Iceland was a unique republic in which power was distributed among many 30-50 chieftains. If a chieftain failed to be responsive, a landowner could change his allegiance to another, irrespective of his location. Because there were no standing armies in the time of the sagas, it was the responsiveness of the chieftain in assisting with disputes that was the prime determinant of his power, and not brute force.
Byock shows us how the system worked by a series of helpful extended examples taken directly from the sagas. These are by far the best parts of the book. Read this book, and you will see that at the heart of the great sagas are tales of how conflicts were resolved, sometimes over a period of many generations. Although many lives were lost, the fabric of society remained whole and relatively undisturbed because a consensus was finally reached.
I look forward to reading Byock's other Icelandic book on Feud in the Icelandic Saga.

13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
wonderful analysis of power structure
By Susan Zuckerman
Byock has written a very perceptive analysis of the power structure in Viking and Medieval Iceland. As a historical fiction writer, writing about this time period, this book gave me many insights. Byock uses some well-know and lesser-known saga characters to illustrate the power alliances, which I found fascinating. With no royalty, Iceland deveoped a unique democracy, which Byock explains in much detail. The maps and diagrams are very helpful. While it is an academic read, it is certainly not difficult. I would highly recommend it to anyone interested in the history of Iceland.

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Outstanding work!
By Christopher R. Travers
In this book, Professor Byock seeks to address a number of previously unsolved problems in Icelandic studies, including the development of the power structure of Iceland and some areas relating to the precise role of the chieftains. He succeeds quite well, and this work is sure to be a classic in the field.

The bulk of the work describes the role of the chieftains relative to the bondir and the landless tenant farmers. He paints a picture which shows how different Iceland was from other Scandinavian nations, and shows how the society evolved with the chieftains functioning largely as power brokers and lawyers.

Of particular interest is the analysis given to a few specific topics, such as the sources of income for the chieftains, and the social structures which provided mechanisms mutually beneficial political relationships.

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! Free Ebook Transforming Desire: Erotic Knowledge in Books III and IV of The Færie Queene, by Lauren Silberman

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The Faerie Queene anticipates postmodernist concerns with destabilizing language, and Lauren Silberman's stimulating study of Books III and IV of the poem proceeds from the assumption that Spenser has something important to say to us in the late twentieth century.

In these books, Spenser exposes fictions of total control for what they are—fictions. The text affirms the value of risk and improvisation over the temptation to seek guarantees. The books examine the role of desire in moving us to function in an uncertain world and tempting us to foreclose that uncertainty by strategies that seek to frame knowledge through total mastery of it.

• Sales Rank: #4492062 in Books
• Published on: 1995-03-07
• Ingredients: Example Ingredients
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: .79" h x 6.33" w x 9.29" l,
• Binding: Hardcover
• 195 pages

From the Inside Flap
"An eminently readable and thoroughly engaging book . . . with numerous original readings that will have to be cited and confronted by future critics."—Donald Cheney, coeditor of The Spenser Encyclopedia

"A very packed and original piece of work, beautifully written with both a sensitive understanding of Spenser's verse and a keen ear for the ridiculous. Her sense of Spenser's comedy is a refreshing change from the solemnity of many other critics."—Anne Lake Prescott, coeditor of The Norton Critical Edition of Spenser

From the Back Cover
"An eminently readable and thoroughly engaging book . . . with numerous original readings that will have to be cited and confronted by future critics." (Donald Cheney, coeditor of The Spenser Encyclopedia)

About the Author
Lauren Silberman is Professor of English at Baruch College. She has published many scholarly articles on Spenser.

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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Silberman on Spenser on Love
By Anne L. Prescott
Lauren Silberman is not only a savvy critic but an informed scholar. This book is now a classic among Spenserians and it is not hard to see why: Silberman is funny (and unusually appreciative of Spenser's own humor)and also humane. She understands that Spenser's exploration of erotic relations in Books 3 and 4 of The Faerie Queene is not designed simply to demonstrate a truth expressible in a sermon or parental exhortation to behave oneself but rather to test, to interrogate, to analyze, to comment with some irony on human sexual behavior and the desires that impel it. What first struck me when reading this lovely book was Silberman's ingenious way of reading Spenser's early modern text in the light of some very postmodern science. Silberman doesn't mean that Spenser anticipated quantum mechanics or string theory, but she does show that what modern science has to say about "chaos" and other concepts is already figured in Spenser's sense of the world's and Amor's slipperiness. Hers is a Spenser for grownups. Anne Lake Prescott

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• Sales Rank: #3149232 in Books
• Published on: 1986-03-05
• Original language: English
• Binding: Hardcover
• 465 pages

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> PDF Ebook The Wheels of Commerce (Civilization and Capitalism: 15Th-18th Century -Volume 2), by Fernand Braudel

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The subject of The Wheels of Commerce is the development of mechanisms of exchange—shops, markets, trade networks, and banking—in the pre-industrial stages of capitalism.

• Sales Rank: #839118 in Books
• Published on: 1992-12-23
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.61" h x 1.35" w x 6.69" l, 2.57 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 670 pages

From Library Journal
Originally published in the early 1980s, Civilization traces the social and economic history of the world from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, although his primary focus is Europe. Braudel skims over politics, wars, etc., in favor of examining life at the grass roots: food, drink, clothing, housing, town markets, money, credit, technology, the growth of towns and cities, and more. The history is fascinating and made even more interesting by period prints and drawings.
Copyright 1999 Reed Business Information, Inc.

Review
"The intricacy of detail and boldness of hypothesis in this book are indisputable, and if one is to do more than skim it, it demands and repays enormous attention. . . . The lavish illustrations are superbly well chosen. The pictures show the endless variety of commercial dealings of which humans are capable."--Jonathan Spence, "New York Times Book Review

From the Back Cover
'The intricacy of detail and boldness of hypothesis in this book are indisputable, and if one is to do more than skim it, it demands and repays enormous attention...The lavish illustrations are superbly well chosen. The pictures show the endless variety of commercial dealings of which humans are capable.' Jonathan Spence, New York Times Book Review

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28 of 29 people found the following review helpful.
Very Annalesesque
By Collin Garbarino
In The Wheels of Commerce, Fernand Braudel deftly blended history and economics with the result that neither suffers. His goal in this book, the second volume in his Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, was "to analyse the machinery of exchange as a whole, from primitive barter up to and including the most sophisticated capitalism" (21). In the process of examining this machinery of exchange, Braudel also proposed an ambitious thesis concerning the origins of capitalism. The book itself is a monumental work, an impressive combination of statistical analyses and illustrations from primary sources.

Braudel's first two chapters, "The Instruments of Exchange" and "Markets and the Economy," investigated the role of circulation. In chapter one, he concentrated on the mechanisms by which goods (and money) were traded. Braudel explained that markets and shops were at the bottom of the world of commerce. Markets took place once or twice a week, and shops were open everyday. Fairs, the wholesale markets, were on the higher level. Participants traded large amounts of goods and settled their accounts at the end. Braudel pointed out the importance of fairs in the development of capitalism: "The fair itself created credit" (91). If one merchant had a negative trade balance with another merchant, he would either offer a bill of exchange (a promise of payment on another exchange) or defer payment with interest until another fair. Additionally, these bills of exchange could be sold to a third party if necessary, introducing speculation. The trading mechanisms of the fair were eventually consolidated into the large exchanges of cities like Amsterdam and London, and eventually these exchanges grew into the stock markets. Chapter two investigated the manner in which merchants engaged in trade. Braudel stressed the importance of trading circuits and the use of paper (especially in the form of bills of exchange) for profitability. One of the key ideas in this chapter is the role of distance on price. Price was not set solely by supply and demand, but was also affected by the distance the product had to travel. His insight into system was helpful. "Any capitalist market has a series of links in a chain, and somewhere near the middle there is a point higher and more remunerative than the rest" (193).

The next two chapters, "Capitalism Away from Home" and "Capitalism on Home Ground," dealt primarily with issues regarding production. Chapter three dealt with what could be considered the lower world of production. One of the key issues that Braudel explicated was the role of fixed and circulating capital. The fixed capital that was invested in production was tied up in equipment and other items, while the circulating capital was more liquid and included wages. Braudel also investigated the role of land in production and capitalism, noting: "The great landowner was not a capitalist, but he was a tool and a collaborator in the service of capitalism" (271). He also focused on the peculiarities of production in these pre-industrial years. In chapter four, Braudel investigated the higher world of production. His explanation of the development of banking practices, which would fund production, was illuminating, as was his discussion on the development of companies from private family business to joint stock companies.

Though the book focused on capitalism's development in Europe, Braudel integrated discussions on other geographical locales as well. Braudel did not present Europe as arriving at its capitalist system in a vacuum. He noted the role that other cultures had in aiding the formation of the European model, not just through trade, but also through Europe's adoption of foreign innovation. However, Braudel surprisingly downplayed the importance of double-entry book-keeping to the emergence of capitalism. He asserted that the practice did not spread quickly and was not universally adopted, giving notable examples (574).

Even though successful merchants were found all over the world during this time period (especially in Islamic lands that provided them with a favorable status), full-blown capitalism developed first in Europe. Braudel attempted to provide an explanation as to why this was the case. His thesis regarding this matter is the raison d'�tre of the book. Braudel believed that three conditions were necessary for the emergence of capitalism. The first was a "vigorous and expanding market economy" (600). Braudel noted that many regions fulfilled this qualification. The second necessity, which hindered many prime candidates, was a strong hierarchy was necessary. This hierarchy encouraged the accumulation of wealth. Landed positions were not hereditary in India, China, and Islamic lands making the nobility's position precarious and the accumulation of wealth difficult. Braudel only mentioned two areas that fulfilled these first two necessities: Europe and Japan. However, Japan closed herself off to world trade, the third necessity. Braudel noted, "Long-distance trading ... was the only doorway to a superior profit level" (601). Braudel's case is a compelling one that must be addressed by anyone investigating this topic.

The Wheels of Commerce is immense, but immensely readable. Braudel portrayed for his reader a heady, exciting Europe, one in which the prime goal was to spend money faster than it could be made. However, even during his descriptions of the dizzying pace at which money was circulated, Braudel did not lose sight of his objective. His scope was large, but he remained precise in both style and purpose, obviating the befuddlement of the layperson (which I confess to being). The book is a balanced work, exhibiting a variety of historical methods. Braudel made extensive use of statistics and mathematical models (the book contains a plethora of charts and tables), but he also included numerous narratives regarding business practices of the time (demonstrating an astonishing knowledge of the primary sources). Because of the attention with which he supported his claims, historians of all stripes can admire this book.

Finally, the student of economic history should not overlook one of the finer aspects of The Wheels of Commerce. This book contains over 120 excellent illustrations from the 15th-18th centuries. The pictures, which vary from woodblock prints to oil paintings, depict the lives of those involved in commerce at the time. Not only do the abundant illustrations make this book a more attractive read, but also they provide the book with a certain level of completeness, giving the reader more tools by which he or she can comprehend the emergence of capitalism in Europe

11 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Fascinating!
By Jodi Oli
I don't care for (or much understand) economics. And I often find history to be very dry.

This book, however, was a VERY enjoyable read. I originally checked it out of the library because I needed some information for a paper I was writing...and I was hooked enough to buy this books and others by this author.

Braudel sees the big picture AND the details -- and not only that, he writes in such an interesting manner that I was able to assimilate a vast amount of information before I knew it.

17 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
Capitaliism, trade and globalization explained
By Charles Hugh Smith
There are various pretenders to the throne of explaining globalization, such as Thomas Friedman's recent The World Is Flat, but all such efforts seem shallow and pallid compared to the masterwork of the genre, Fernamd Braudel's trilogy Civilization & Capitalism, 15th - 18th Century (The Structures of Everyday Life (Volume 1), The Wheels of Commerce (Volume 2)

and The Perspective of the World (Volume 3)

I do not lightly suggest tackling almost 1,800 pages of reading, but there is simply no substitute (short of a master's degree) if you aspire to a true understanding of global trade's role in the social, political and economic history of our world. It is not a boring read--anything but, for Braudel's depth of research, breadth of knowledge and his appreciation for the limits of current scholarship are matchless. Where authors like Friedman incautiously grind whatever axe they set out, drawing upon work which supports their thesis, Bruadel is ever-cautious about drawing hard-and-fast conclusions from the data he has culled from archives' dusty pages.

What Braudel reveals is a world which has been disrupted by far-reaching trade for hundreds of years. Capital has flowed across the great oceans of our globe for far longer than most people realize, destroying local industries in favor of distant ones in the process. It is impossible to summarize such a rich, vast work, but reading even one of these volumes will give you a deep insight into the long history of globalization, and how entire industries and financial centers have been displaced time and again in the Arab Levant, in Asia, and in Europe. You will also come to understand the rise of European economic dominance, and how it cannot be so neatly attributed to guns, steel and germs, as appealing and powerful as Jared Diamond's thesis may be.

Braudel does not work to create over-arching explantions so much as present the archival facts he so assiduously assembled. (The books were written in the late 1970s; Braudel died in 1985 at the age of 83.) For example, he shows that prosperity, since at least the 1400s if not earlier, is inevitably found in those cities and regions where prices are highest. It is counter-intuitive at first--since shouldn't money go farther where prices are low?-- but the same is obviously true of our era. The most prosperous nations are those with the highest costs, and the poorest are those where prices are lowest.

At a minimum, this sheds light on the centuries-old exodus from rural to metropolis, and on the nature of prosperity itself. I recommend these volumes not just for their vast erudition but for the enjoyment gained from his unparalleled mastery of everyday life in distant lands and distant times. Not much has changed, it seems, except the speed of the ships and the communication between traders.

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